Sexual Problems in Men
A sexual problem, or sexual dysfunction, refers to a problem during any phase
of the sexual response cycle that prevents the individual or couple from experiencing
satisfaction from the sexual activity. The sexual response cycle has four phases:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
While research suggests that sexual dysfunction is common (43% of women and
31% of men report some degree of difficulty), it is a topic that many people
are hesitant to discuss. Fortunately, most cases of sexual dysfunction are treatable,
so it is important to share your concerns with your partner and doctor.
What Causes Sexual Problems?
Sexual dysfunction can be a result of a physical or psychological problem.
* Physical causes: Many physical and/or medical conditions can cause problems
with sexual function. These conditions include diabetes, heart and vascular
(blood vessel) disease, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic
diseases such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and drug abuse. In
addition, the side effects of certain medications, including some antidepressant
drugs, can affect sexual desire and function.
* Psychological causes: These include work-related stress and anxiety, concern
about sexual performance, marital or relationship problems, depression, feelings
of guilt, and the effects of a past sexual trauma.
Who Is Affected by Sexual Problems?
Both men and women are affected by sexual problems. Sexual problems occur in
adults of all ages. Among those commonly affected are those in the geriatric
population, which may be related to a decline in health associated with aging.
How Do Sexual Problems Affect Men?
The most common sexual problems in men are ejaculation disorders, erectile
dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire.
What Are Ejaculation Disorders?
There are different types of ejaculation disorders, including:
* Premature ejaculation -- This refers to ejaculation that occurs before or
soon after penetration.
* Inhibited or retarded ejaculation -- This is when ejaculation is slow to occur.
* Retrograde ejaculation -- This occurs when, at orgasm, the ejaculate is forced
back into the bladder rather than through the urethra and out the end of the
penis.
In some cases, premature and inhibited ejaculation are caused by a lack of
attraction for a partner, past traumatic events and psychological factors, including
a strict religious background that causes the person to view sex as sinful.
Premature ejaculation, the most common form of sexual dysfunction in men, often
is due to nervousness over how well he will perform during sex. Certain drugs,
including some anti-depressants, may affect ejaculation, as can nerve damage
to the spinal cord or back.
Retrograde ejaculation is common in males with diabetes who suffer from diabetic
neuropathy (nerve damage). This is due to problems with the nerves in the bladder
and the bladder neck that allow the ejaculate to flow backward and into the
bladder. In other men, retrograde ejaculation occurs after operations on the
bladder neck or prostate, or after certain abdominal operations. In addition,
certain medications, particularly those used to treat mood disorders, may cause
problems with ejaculation. This generally does not require treatment unless
it impairs fertility.
What Is Erectile Dysfunction?
Also known as impotence, erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to
attain and/or maintain an erection suitable for intercourse. Causes of erectile
dysfunction include diseases affecting blood flow, such as atherosclerosis (hardening
of the arteries); nerve disorders; psychological factors, such as stress, depression,
and performance anxiety (nervousness over his ability to sexually perform);
and injury to the penis. Chronic illness, certain medications, and a condition
called Peyronie's disease (scar tissue in the penis) also can cause erectile
dysfunction.
What Is Inhibited Sexual Desire?
Inhibited desire, or loss of libido, refers to a decrease in desire for, or
interest in sexual activity. Reduced libido can result from physical or psychological
factors. It has been associated with low levels of the hormone testosterone.
It also may be caused by psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression;
medical illnesses, such as diabetes and high blood pressure; certain medications,
including some anti-depressants; and relationship difficulties.
How Are Male Sexual Problems Diagnosed?
The doctor likely will begin with a thorough history of symptoms. He or she
may order other tests to rule out any medical problems that may be contributing
to the dysfunction. The doctor may refer you to other doctors, including a urologist
(a doctor specializing in the urinary tract and male reproductive system), an
endocrinologist (a doctor specializing in glandular disorders), a neurologist
(a doctor specializing in disorders of the nervous system), sex therapists and
other counselors.
What Tests Are Used to Evaluate Sexual Problems?
Several tests can be used to evaluate the causes and extent of sexual problems.
They include:
* Blood tests -- These tests are done to evaluate hormone levels.
* Vascular assessment -- This involves an evaluation of the blood flow to the
penis. A blockage in a blood vessel supplying blood to the penis may be contributing
to erectile dysfunction.
* Sensory testing -- Particularly useful in evaluating the effects of diabetic
neuropathy (nerve damage), sensory testing measures the strength of nerve impulses
in a particular area of the body.
* Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity testing -- This test is used to monitor
erections that occur naturally during sleep. This test can help determine if
a man's erectile problems are due to physical or psychological causes.
How Is Male Sexual Dysfunction Treated?
Many cases of sexual dysfunction can be corrected by treating the underlying
physical or psychological problems. Treatment strategies may include the following:
* Medical treatment -- This involves treatment of any physical problem that
may be contributing to a man's sexual dysfunction.
* Medications -- Medications, such as Cialis, Viagra or Levitra, may help improve
sexual function in men by increasing blood flow to the penis.
* Hormones -- Men with low levels of testosterone may benefit from hormone supplementation
(testosterone replacement therapy).
* Psychological therapy -- Therapy with a trained counselor can help a person
address feelings of anxiety, fear or guilt that may have an impact on sexual
function.
* Mechanical aids -- Aids such as vacuum devices and penile implants may help
men with erectile dysfunction.
* Education and communication -- Education about sex and sexual behaviors and
responses may help a man overcome his anxieties about sexual performance. Open
dialogue with your partner about your needs and concerns also helps to overcome
many barriers to a healthy sex life.
Can Sexual Problems Be Cured?
The success of treatment for sexual dysfunction depends on the underlying cause
of the problem. The outlook is good for dysfunction that is related to a treatable
or reversible physical condition. Mild dysfunction that is related to stress,
fear, or anxiety often can be successfully treated with counseling, education,
and improved communication between partners.
Can Sexual Problems Be Prevented?
While sexual problems cannot be prevented, dealing with the underlying causes
of the dysfunction can help you better understand and cope with the problem
when it occurs. There are some things you can do to help maintain good sexual
function:
* Follow your doctor's treatment plan for any medical/health conditions.
* Limit your alcohol intake.
* Quit smoking.
* Deal with any emotional or psychological issues such as stress, depression,
and anxiety. Get treatment as needed.
* Increase communication with your partner.
When Should I Call My Doctor?
Many men experience a problem with sexual function from time to time. However,
when the problems are persistent, they can cause distress for the man and his
partner, and have a negative impact on their relationship. If you consistently
experience sexual function problems, see your doctor for evaluation and treatment.
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